30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 21- Shadows/Color

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 21- Shadows/Color

A couple of days ago we explored the values and form of shadows by drawing a 3-D cube.  Value or light and shadow is definitely the key to making a cube look 3-D.  However, for me the beauty of imagery is often found in the exploration of color!  I love color!

Shadows have COLOR.  We may think of them as gray, but as artists, we need to see what others may not see and appreciate the fact that color lives in those shadows!  This is a phenomenon that is attributable to bouncing light.  As light hits, it bounces and carries with it the inherent color of the object reflecting the light into the shadow.  This means that there is an exchange of color between surrounding objects which can be found in the shadows.  Check out these photos as examples:

Do you see the green color being bounced into the form shadow of the pear? The green of the surface turns this red pomegranate almost black as the colors mix to form a neutral dark (red+green=black or gray). 

Do you see that this house has different color shadows in relation to the surrounding surfaces?  The reverse would be true if the surface was white and the house had color.  

Today's Challenge:  

Materials: 

Pen (permanent marker) +watercolor, pencil+water-soluble markers, or colored pencils could all work for this exercise.  

Paper

Objects to draw

I experimented with the Brown Elegant Writer marker and watercolor here.  I asked myself, "What if?" and this is what happened.  Note the warm shadows under the radishes (yes, that's what they are! lol) and the warm bounced red into the blue glass bottle. This is an example of how color can be found in shadows and exchanged between objects.  No dull gray shadows here...instead lots of vibrant color!

Step 1: Do a contour drawing of an object(s) from life with a pen.  No photos today, practice drawing something in front of you.  Make it a contour drawing, but with this special instruction:  leave some gaps in the contour.  Don't enclose the outside entirely with lines.  As you explore some of the edges and follow them in from the outside edge, don't worry about sealing that edge up with a line.  Let it breathe here and there!  Open edges will be helpful in creating some color exchange between our objects and their shadows.

Step 2: Bring color to your drawing and think about showing the following:  

• color exchange taking place between objects and their shadows
• color exchange taking place between objects via bounced light
• bounced light effects from the surface back onto the form of your objects

Have fun with this drawing and use it as an opportunity for incidental color...colors which may or may not be there, but which you take the liberty of injecting.  You're the artist, so add your personal touch!

Congratulations on being more than ⅔ of the way to the finish line  in our 30 Day Drawing Challenge!  Those of you who have been participating can look forward to a real sense of accomplishment and progress at the end of your 30 days.  I'm so excited for you!  

Examples of drawings of cubes from our previous challenge on Day 18 of the 30 Day Drawing Challenge
In case you want to learn this process here is a link http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/2015/05/30-day-drawing-challenge-day-18-draw.html



This great sketch of an owl uses Zentangle as a patterning technique.  The sketch below is another example of how patterns can make for interesting drawings.  For more on this method see the instructions for Day 20 of the 30 Day Drawing Challenge- http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/2015/05/30-day-drawing-challenge-day-21_21.html

I'm looking ahead to later this week.  I will be breaking out my Tombow marker in burnt sienna color -947 for a sketch or two during the final couple of weeks of this challenge.  If you would like to get one, it's around $5-6. Here is a link:  Tombow 947 Marker- Amazon

Rebecca Zdybel

Artist, Instructor, Art-Travel Instructor

Art Lessons: Drawing, Watercolor, Acrylic, Collage, Mixed Media

Myrtle Beach, SC

rebecca@artmyrtlebeach.com

Spread Light, Share Love, DO Art!

Feel free to share any of this blog post on your own blog or website, but I ask that you you include:

Rebecca Zdybel is an artist and instructor in Myrtle Beach, SC.  Follow her and see her work at http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/

Join me on Google+ Rebecca Zdybel Google+ 

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 20: Zentangle Doodling

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 20:  Zentangle Doodling

Tangled Turtle © Rebecca Zdybel and page from my sketchbook
Tombow markers and black permanent Staedtler Mars Pen.
You can use this drawing as a reference for pattern possibilities =)

Zentangle is kind of a fad these days.  It's a trademarked method which is essentially doodling with an organized pattern.  It's fun, and I like the intent, which is to show that drawing can be for everyone.  If you know me, you know that I'm passionate about the idea that art is teachable and enriching for anyone willing to spend the time.  So, I love zentangle and think it's worth trying.  There are so many different ways to draw, that I'd like to introduce you to as many as I can during our 30 Day Drawing Challenge.

Taking patterns and using them to fill in shapes is not new.  It's a method many famous artists have used with great result...Gustav Klimt and Picasso come immediately to mind.  Check out these examples of patterns being used within shapes for visual interest.  Patterns that are used repeatedly can be referred to as "motifs".  Repetition can provide harmony in design, and that's a good thing.

Claude son of Picasso- Picasso

Dora Maar in an Armchair- Picasso

Girl Before a Mirror- Picasso

The Kiss- Gustav Klimt

So with this in mind, we are going to make some patterns using dots, squiggles, circles, squares...any little thing you'd like to use to fill in your drawing.  It's going to be fun!

Materials for this lesson: 

any drawing tool you'd like to use

paper

Step 1: Draw a contour drawing of a silhouette shape...it can be anything but here are some ideas. 

Tangled Turtle-©Rebecca Zdybel

Step 2:   Draw a string or multiple string lines within your big shapes...a loopy loop, a squiggle, a "z" (my favorite! ;-).  It's basically a way to break up the big shape into a few odd shapes.  

Step 3: Begin to Tangle within the shapes created by your "string" lines.  

The following is excerpted from wikihow: 

Start creating a tangle. A "tangle" is a pattern drawn in pen along the contours of a string. One Zentangle may have just one tangle, or a combination of different tangles. Use your pen to begin drawing whatever pattern comes to you - again, there's no right or wrong move inside a Zentangle. As you work, keep the following in mind:

• Tangles should be composed of very simple shapes. A line, a dot, a circle, a squiggle, or an oval are all acceptable.
• Penciled shading can be added to the tangles to create more depth and visual interest. This is not mandatory, but you're free to do so if you'd like.

Step 4: Continue to fill in your patterns within each section, changing them as you come to a new section.  Have fun with this, there is no wrong way to do it.  

Step 5: You can shade the patterns, or add color as you wish.  
Step 6:  Send me a photo so we can all enjoy your efforts!

Deb Thoden's beautiful example of zentangle. 

Here is another challenger's drawing sent to me yesterday...

Lovely! The Elegant writer has yet another fan in this artist...

Happy Zentangling!  I hope you enjoy it and find your zen...
(if you want more detailed zentangle instructions, here's a website http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Zentangle)

 I will be breaking out my Tombow marker in burnt sienna color -947 for a sketch or two during the final couple of weeks of this challenge.  If you would like to get one, it's around $5-6. Here is a link:  Tombow 947 Marker- Amazon

Rebecca Zdybel

Artist, Instructor, Art-Travel Instructor

Art Lessons: Drawing, Watercolor, Acrylic, Collage, Mixed Media

Myrtle Beach, SC

rebecca@artmyrtlebeach.com

Spread Light, Share Love, DO Art!

Feel free to share any of this blog post on your own blog or website, but I ask that you you include:

Rebecca Zdybel is an artist and instructor in Myrtle Beach, SC.  Follow her and see her work at http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/

Join me on Google+ Rebecca Zdybel Google+ 

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 19- Cube with Shadows/Value

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 19- Shadows

How did you do with your perspective drawing of a cube yesterday?  I hope it felt as if you were enlightened with a simple way to digest 2-point perspective.  Today we will build on that concept a bit, and bring life to our cubes with shadows.  

In today's free drawing lesson, I will challenge you to think about shadows.  Shadows are definitely what brings a line drawing to life.  They add dimension and form.  They give a sense of light, and depth.  They bring mood to our subject matter.  It's important to understand them, and once you do, you'll find it will help you with all kinds of artwork.  Whether you draw or paint, these concepts are really important!

There are some simple ideas surrounding shadow, which we should all know about.  First of all, there are two kinds of shadows: 

• Form shadows are found on the surface of objects in areas where the object turns away from the light source. 
• Cast Shadows- are shadows created when an object blocks the light from hitting an adjacent surface.  Every object that blocks light has a cast shadow associated with it.  

Cast shadows are always opposite the source of light.  So, they change.  As the source of light changes, so does it's cast shadow.  The closer to the horizon the light source is, the longer the shadow.  

Cast Shadows also vary in intensity or darkness.  As artists, we could also say that they vary in VALUE.

The general rule of thumb is: shadows are darkest in value closer to the object casting the shadow.  

If the object is a reflective object, then things change, but for most objects, you can assume that the shadow will be darkest closer to whatever is casting the shadow.  

Form shadows are found on the surface of objects and are determined by the shape of the object which is turning away from the light.  Generally, the more steeply the object turns away from light, the quicker the value shift or change in value will be.  
(For more on how to draw a rounded shape you can follow this link - Link to 30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 11- Drawing Rounded Forms.) 

To show an Angled corner, create a dramatic value shift, and this will tell us that a drastic change in direction of the surface has occurred. 

Today we will build on the knowledge gained yesterday in learning how to draw a cube. We will add shadows to make our cube look 3-D.  
(In Case you missed yesterday's challenge, here is a link: 30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 18- How to Draw a Cube)

Note:

• The darkest cast shadows are found closest to the object and where there is the least amount of bounced light.  
• The shadows become lighter as they move away from the object. 
• Drastic changes of value tell us that a dramatic change in direction of the surface has occurred. 

Today's Challenge How to Draw a Cube with Shadows 

(Make it Look 3-D)

Materials:

Graphite pencil

Eraser

Paper

Step 1: Draw a Cube in Perspective. You could draw a box from life, or you could make one up.  Your cube can be solid as in the first reference photo above, or it can be an open box as in my drawing above. (In Case you missed yesterday's challenge, here is a link: 30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 18- How to Draw a Cube)

Step 2: Determine your light source and add light and add form shadows to the surfaces of your cube.  The lightest areas will be those getting hit by sun at a 90 degree angle.  Less Direct light will be slightly darker.  Those surfaces away from the light entirely will be darkest. (You may need to adjust your values as you go along, because all values are relative to one another.  Your pencil may not be able to get as dark as what you see.)

Step 3: Now draw the CAST SHADOWS. Remember that the shadow will get lighter as it moves away from the object casting the shadow.  

A Couple of hints for you: 

•  Pay attention to the edge quality of the shadow.  Sometimes shadows are hard or crisp edged (usually in areas of dramatic shadow), and other times they are softer(as the shadow fades, sometimes the edges will get softer or more "smudged" in appearance).  
• Sometimes it's helpful to leave a little gap of light between the base of object and the deepest part of the cast shadow.  

I hope this challenge allows you to work through the problem of creating a sense of light and shadow.  Adjusting values can be necessary...making sure that the areas receiving less light are darker than those getting more light, and accounting for "bounced light" can be tricky.  Practice is always a good thing, so have fun and send me photos of your finished work so we can share.  


I'm already looking ahead to later this week.  I will be breaking out my Tombow marker in burnt sienna color -947 for a sketch or two during the final couple of weeks of this challenge.  If you would like to get one, it's around $5-6. Here is a link:  Tombow 947 Marker- Amazon

Here are a few of the dedicated 30 Day Drawing Challengers who are steadfastly chipping away at this challenge.  I'm so proud and happy that you are doing this with me!  I know you'll be so glad you did it...maybe you already are ;-)

Day 16- Draw Your Drink
Don't you love the drippy letters?!

Day 17- Vignette background

Day 17- Vignette
Nice use of water and spatters to create an obscure background vignette!
Watercolor in combination with the Elegant writer.

Rebecca Zdybel

Artist, Instructor, Art-Travel Instructor

Art Lessons: Drawing, Watercolor, Acrylic, Collage, Mixed Media

Myrtle Beach, SC

rebecca@artmyrtlebeach.com

Spread Light, Share Love, DO Art!

Feel free to share any of this blog post on your own blog or website, but I ask that you you include:

Rebecca Zdybel is an artist and instructor in Myrtle Beach, SC.  Follow her and see her work at http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/

Join me on Google+ Rebecca Zdybel Google+ 

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 9- Upside Down Drawing

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 9- Upside Down Drawing

Drawing is not the same as form, it is a way of seeing form.


Edgar Degas

I know, I know...you're thinking what in the world? But trust me, this is a great technique for getting your mind out of things and learning to trust your eyes. I constantly amaze myself with my ability to make things up as I draw.  I think I'm looking, but so often I don't really see, and my hand keeps going, and then....things get all muddled up. Relationships of objects aren't right, and proportions get skewed.  I'm guessing that maybe you can relate...

What's the answer?  It may surprise you that my answer is often to turn my subject upside down.  Crazy as that sounds, it works, and it's way easier than drawing on my head!



Materials you'll need:
Pen of your choice (yes, I'm feeling demanding again)
Paper
The drawing below:
Draw using  this image or
Print it out and turn it upside down from this site http://www.gramilano.com/2011/10/two-quirky-ballerinas-strike-a-pose-at-the-frick-collection/

Draw the ballerinas by Picasso by looking carefully at the drawing and the relationship of lines to one another, and to the edge.  Try to not label anatomical features as anything but shapes and lines with direction.  You can talk to yourself, and you can look at your paper (see how nice I am?).

Hint:  for the outer contours of the figures, think about the "negative shapes" that are formed by the edges of the figures and the edge of the paper.  See how far you've come?  You actually know what I'm talking about when I discuss negative shapes now. =) Draw those shapes and you'll be on your way to correct placement and proportions.

Have fun with it...it's upside down and it's a wacky image anyway, so there' s no big risk in tackling today's challenge.  When you're done it'll look something like this:

Thanks for sending in some of your drawings from your arduous efforts at drawing over the last week.  Think about it, we are almost ⅓ of the way to completion already!  Are you feeling any dawning awareness?  Are you gaining insight?  Feel free to share it here or via email.

For those of you who are participating, look at these examples of real work from previous days of the challenge, sent in by real people just like you.  I especially love the recorded "thoughts while drawing" of the shoe! lol  If you send me your images prior to the end of the challenge, I'll include them in future blogs. 

Keep drawing and I'll see you with another challenge to keep you on the path toward 30 days of Drawing and improving!!!

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Rebecca Zdybel

Artist, Instructor, Art-Travel Instructor

Art Lessons in all media

Myrtle Beach, SC

rebecca@artmyrtlebeach.com

Spread Light, Share Love, DO Art!

Feel free to share any of this blog post on your own blog or website, but I ask that you you include:

Rebecca Zdybel is an artist and instructor in Myrtle Beach, SC.  Follow her and see her work at http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/

Join me on Google+ Rebecca Zdybel Google+ 

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 13- Find a Favorite Font

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 13- Find a Favorite Font

You can't do sketches enough. Sketch everything and keep your curiosity fresh. 
John Singer Sargent

I love letters!  I think they are an overlooked art in today's era of computers and texting.  It's almost criminal to think that kids are not being taught how to write cursive and develop their ability to write with style.  Beautiful lettering can improve a simple drawing and give it content and meaning.  Greeting card manufacturers make their millions based on this simple idea...take a thought and put it together with a picture and people will want it. 

When I look at people's sketches and art journals, often the sketch is good, but poorly executed lettering can take away from the drawing.  This doesn't have to happen. Until we look at lettering as art, we may miss the opportunity to write with artistic style. Today I'm going to help you do some thinking and some playing around with letters. =)

Based on this idea, I want you to take on the challenge of looking for a personally appealing font. Look for one you could adopt as your favorite.  I was amused to see that the font above is actually a continuous line font.  I thought it might be fun to share, since most of you tried to do a continuous line drawing on Day 10 (In case you missed it, here's the link:  Day 10 of my 30 Day Drawing Challenge- Continuous Line ).  

If you want to keep an art journal, this little exercise may be something to do more than once...after all you may want to mix up your lettering every once in a while. 

There are so many fonts out there...if you Google "fonts" you'll find an abundance of them.  If you don't feel like going to that trouble, here are a few you can try to practice.  You get to choose!

Materials you might use for this challenge: 

• pencil, pens, markers, colored pencils, elegant writer marker, crayons, watercolor...use your imagination!
• paper

Step 1- Pick out a font and draw the letters.  Think of each one as a drawing.  If the letter is enclosed in a box (as the one above) you can use the negative shape around the letter to help you form the shape correctly.  

Step 2- Embellish your alphabet with color!  If you use the elegant writer marker, then be aware it is not permanent and will bleed when water touches it, forming green and pink coloration.  If you dab it once it's wet, it will become more pink.  Test the Elegant writer with water on a test sheet prior to using on your drawing. It's really fun, but takes some practice.  

Step 3- When finished, take a photo and send it to me.  I would love to see the fonts you come up with!

Hint:  Keep an area on your paper dry if you want it to remain white when using watercolor or water-soluble markers/pencils. The pigment from watercolor or any other water-soluble mark makers will only travel where the water takes it.  Dry paper acts as a dam and prevents the color from moving there.

I'll show you mine if you show me yours! ;-)

I saw this font at Hobby Lobby in wooden letters, and liked it so much I took photos of them on the shelf.  People must have thought I was crazy, but I still love them and here they are all on one page.  I used an elegant writer to draw the contour of the letter and then took a wet brush and wet the OUTSIDE of the letters to make them pop. After it dried, I added more ink and reinforced shadows, and then took a wet brush and smeared them again.  Hint: when using the Elegant writer, have a kleenex in your hand at all times for lifting...the ink can get a bit crazy, but it's worth the effort. 

PS- for tomorrow, we will be using our elegant writer markers.  If you don't have one, you can substitute watercolor pencils or other water soluble markers (but they won't be as fun )

Keep up the good work...we are almost half way through our 30 days of Drawing!  I'll be back tomorrow with another challenge. If you're enjoying this challenge, share it with your friends =)

Rebecca Zdybel

Artist, Instructor, Art-Travel Instructor

Art Lessons in all media

Myrtle Beach, SC

rebecca@artmyrtlebeach.com

Spread Light, Share Love, DO Art!

Feel free to share any of this blog post on your own blog or website, but I ask that you you include:

Rebecca Zdybel is an artist and instructor in Myrtle Beach, SC.  Follow her and see her work at http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/

Join me on Google+ Rebecca Zdybel Google+ 

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 12- Draw, Format, Paint

 30 Day Drawing challenge Day 11- Draw, Format, Paint

Drawing is putting a line around an idea.


Henri Matisse

How to Format Your Drawing:

A frame makes every picture look better, don't you think?  I always equate matting and framing my work to why we women wear make-up...even naturally pretty people look better with a little make-up.  The same is true for sketches or paintings...put them in a frame, and somehow a good piece of art will  look that much better once you frame it.

Today's assignment will have to do with this same phenomenon.  Today you will put a frame around whatever you draw.  In the sketch below, I used words to form a frame around my subject.  I then painted with watercolor to make it colorful and fun.  Today you will also have the challenge to frame your sketch, and bring a little color to your drawing with either paint, pencils, or whatever you choose to use.

Struggling with lettering?  Look for fonts you like online:  Google "fonts" and see if there is one you like...it may come in handy for another day's lesson!  ;-)

Materials for today:
Pencil or pen (your choice)
paper that can handle watercolor or paint
watercolors, watercolor pencils, or colored pencils

Step 1:
draw a simple object. Think about leaving gaps in the contours of your drawing to allow for shapes to merge (for example, in this instance, my object and the shadow merge to form a more interesting shape)
Step 2:
Create a frame that intersects your object, but lets the object "break out" of the frame here or there.
Step 3:
Add lettering if you feel it will add to the format of your drawing
Step 4:
Paint or color in your drawing.  Look for ways to make your drawing more interesting by repeating colors or moving colors through your piece.
Step 5:
Photograph your drawing and send it to me! I'm enjoying receiving your work =)

so cute!

so brave! obviously no cheating, and yet I still feel "onions"

nicely done!

adorable!

Happy Drawing!  I'll look forward to meeting you here again tomorrow!

ps- for tomorrow, you may use the elegant writer markers, watercolor pencils, other markers or colored pencils

If you haven't purchased your black Elegant Writer pen yet, then run out and get one.  I'd like to use it for Day 11's lesson.   Here's a link to Amazon:    Elegant writer- Black extra fine point

Rebecca Zdybel

Artist, Instructor, Art-Travel Instructor

Art Lessons in all media

Myrtle Beach, SC

rebecca@artmyrtlebeach.com

Spread Light, Share Love, DO Art!

Feel free to share any of this blog post on your own blog or website, but I ask that you you include:

Rebecca Zdybel is an artist and instructor in Myrtle Beach, SC.  Follow her and see her work at http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/

Join me on Google+ Rebecca Zdybel Google+ 

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 11- Rounded Forms

30 Day Drawing Challenge Day 11- Drawing Rounded Forms

The straight line is ungodly. 
Friedensreich Hundertwasser

Shapes can be difficult to form when they are rounded.  Think about the folds of garments, facial contours, fruit, pitchers, petals, leaves...the list of rounded forms is long.  I thought I would share a simple thought today that really helped me understand how to create rounded forms.

• Value Transitions are Crucial
• Gradual = Round

First let's talk about value.  What is it?  This is a simple term that refers to light and dark and does not necessarily have anything to do with color.  If something is dark value its obviously darker than whats around it.  The opposite is true if something is lighter value.  The degree of difference between adjacent values or "transition between values" is something called "value shift".

To create a rounded contour, the "value shift" or transition between the values must be gradual.  

Voila! It's that simple.

• Whenever you want a rounded form, no matter what the color is, the value must change GRADUALLY.  The rounder the form, the more subtle the value shift will be.  
• A steeply rounded form will have quicker value shifts and a flatter rounded form will shift more slowly.

How easy is that?!  Ok, now that we know about value shifts and rounded forms, this is your assignment:

• Find something round to draw.  I did this drawing of a sphere.  You can use it if you'd like, but there's plenty of rounded things in the world to draw.  Use your imagination!  Ideally drawing from life is great, but sometimes the lighting in a photograph can make things a bit easier.  Setting up your own still life or using a photo will be fine for this lesson.

My drawing of the sphere...very gradual value transitions are key!  Your drawing stump (tortillion) or finger can easily smudge the graphite and create that smooth and gradual change of value that will read as "round".

One final note or hint:  At the edge of a rounded shape, there is an important shadow that you'll need to find:  It's called the TERMINAL SHADOW and marks the receding edge of a rounded form.  You'll see it even along the brightly lit edge of a rounded form.  If you look at my drawing, you'll see it.  In a relative way, the edge will be darker.  Draw what you see, and you'll be in good shape, but now that you know about terminal shadows, you'll know to look for them. =-)

Materials I would suggest for this lesson:

Graphite soft lead pencil (2B, 4B, 6B)
White Paper
Plastic and kneaded eraser
Paper Drawing stump or tortillion (kleenex or finger can serve the same purpose)

Step 1-  You may begin with a toned ground if you think it might be helpful.  As we saw in previous lessons, this can provide a shortcut to the middle values.  However, you may approach it any way you'd like.

Step 2- Find your highlight(s).  Begin by making the highlight your lightest value and let everything relate to that value as you move along.  Value is relative, so for the purposes of this lesson, work on white paper.

Step 3- Mind the transitions of value and note the terminal shadows at the receding edges of your rounded forms.  Where they disappear and round away out of sight, you will do well to include a terminal shadow, even if you don't really see one.  ;-)

Enjoy this drawing time and know that you're not alone in taking on this challenge.  I look forward to connecting with as many of you as possible in June when my classes resume.  It will be fun to compare notes and share thoughts on this experience!

In the meantime, check out a few of the great drawings your fellow challengers are sharing:

I just love receiving these from each of you!  Keep them coming and keep up the great work!  

Rebecca Zdybel

Artist, Instructor, Art-Travel Instructor

Art Lessons in all media

Myrtle Beach, SC

rebecca@artmyrtlebeach.com

Spread Light, Share Love, DO Art!

Feel free to share any of this blog post on your own blog or website, but I ask that you you include:

Rebecca Zdybel is an artist and instructor in Myrtle Beach, SC.  Follow her and see her work at http://www.artmyrtlebeach.com/

Join me on Google+ Rebecca Zdybel Google+